Ch. 6 Output Michael Schmandt. INTRODUCTIONMark Monmonniers book, How to Lie with Maps, exposed how people and organizations overtly and intentionally misshaped map features to deceive. The concept that underlies his entire book is that all maps lieto some extent. That statement is true. As you read in Chapter 3, projections introduce shape, area, distance, and directional distortions. In addition, all maps simplify the real world and thus lie by omission. Architectural Designs Software Free Download on this page. Map symbols exaggerate and minimize the extent of features. These can all be considered lies. Now, before you stop reading and discard maps as fiction, remember that all models of reality paintings, literature, statistics, and photographs are abstractions and thus lie to some degree and that omission and abstraction can lead to greater communication and understanding. Simply put, maps aid in communication by emphasizing the location of features and omitting many other features to depict patterns across space. As Monmonnier states, A good map tells a multitude of little white lies it suppresses truth to help the user see what needs to be seen 1. Some mapmakers radically distort features to enhance communication, and they can do this legitimately. Perhaps the best example of manipulating the size and location of features is the London Underground map, which distorts subway line length and terminal location, but, in doing so, it enhances our spatial understanding of the subway system see Figure 6. Harry Beck, the maps creator, devoted his life to this user friendly map. Autodesk Maya 2013 With Crack. He designed the map using only horizontal, vertical, and 4. The Art of Weaving a Life. This brandnew edition of the groundbreaking book that introduces the Weaving a Life process, the seven keyforms, and the deeper meanings. The distances from suburban terminals were shortened to give more map room for central city terminals. He clearly understood that the traveling public perceived the network in terms of stops and transit line connections, not distance. The map communicated these principals clearly, and it has been copied by transit lines across the world. Figure 6. 1 Londons Underground Map. Courtesy of London Regional Transport, 1. This chapter broadly focuses on GIS output and more narrowly on maps and their design. If accurate and clear communication is your goal, as it should be, you need to consider topics already discussed like projections and scale Chapters 2 and 3 as well as subjects described in this chapter including symbolization, classification, generalization, and color. MAP COMMUNICATIONThe International Cartographic Association ICA defines a map as a representation, normally to scale and on a flat medium, of a selection of material or abstract features on, or in relation to, the surface of the Earth. In other words, maps are an approximation, a model, a summary of the real world. Maps communicate they represent and help us organize knowledge by representing a portion of the Earths surface. They are created for transmitting spatial information to a map reader, yet most maps are improperly designed and do not communicate easily nor effectively. This is not the fault of the map reader. The fault lies with the cartographer that makes the map. Book-hardboiled-web-design-preview.png' alt='Purpose Pattern And Process Ebook' title='Purpose Pattern And Process Ebook' />To design better maps, consider the cartographic communication process with its four stages see Figure 6. Real World, 2 Selection, 3 Generalization, and 4 Map. Figure 6. 2 Cartographic communication process. Real World. As described in Chapter 1, the world is too complex for direct analysis and understanding, so we create models of the world by selecting and generalizing some of its features. Imagine, however, if we could record the worlds infinite detail on a map. Lewis Carroll, author of Alice in Wonderland, described such a detailed map in Sylvie and Bruno Concluded. In this fantasy, a Professor explains to another how his countrys cartographers experimented with ever larger maps. The Professor states, And then came the grandest idea of all  We actually made a map of the country, on the scale of a mile to the mile  Have you used it much the other person enquired. No, says the professor, It has never been spread out the farmers objected they said it would cover the whole country, and shut out the sunlight  So we now use the country itself, as its own map, and I assure you it does nearly as well. In reality, the country itself is a poor replacement for a map. If we could use the real world as our guide, then we would not need maps. Every map selects and generalizes the worlds features, and these little white lies help maps communicate. Selection. Maps are selective. You determine what should be, and equally important, what should not be included on your map. If features do not aid your maps purpose, nor orient the map reader, eliminate them. There must be a reason for the presence of every feature type. Guiding your selection process should be two essential considerations the maps purpose and its scale. What is the purpose of your map  What are you trying to get across  Who is your audience  Addressing these questions helps you determine how much detail should be placed on your map. Selecting too many types of features obscures your maps primary purpose. The worlds leading online source of ebooks, with a vast range of ebooks from academic, popular and professional publishers. Have you ever asked yourself, What is the meaning of life Seriously, what IS the purpose of life Not too many years ago, my life was missing something. Purpose Pattern And Process Ebook' title='Purpose Pattern And Process Ebook' />Scale is the relationship between distances on the map or screen and corresponding distances in the real world. It is a major factor in determining which features are selected and which are omitted. Ask yourself, how is the map going to be presented to your audience  Will it be on an 8 x 1. The physical size of the presented map largely dictates the amount of detail that can be displayed on the map. The chosen scale affects not only the selection of features but also the degree of their generalization. Generalization. Geographic data and detail are without limit. If you are flying high above a city, you will see certain features that define the citys overall shape and its major neighborhoods. As you descend into a neighborhood, the homes, streets, parked cars, and sidewalks become clear. Descend into a backyard and you see a pool, a vegetable garden, chairs, and a redwood deck. Dogs and cats are visible. Pull out a magnifying glass and investigate the redwood decks grain to see its color, pits, splinters, and undulations. To capture all of the real worlds features and their detail, you would need an infinitely large database and an infinite amount of time. The features you select need to be generalized, but how much detail should they have  Map size being equal, large scale maps that depict features in a small area can have more detail. Here are several generalizing tasks to make map reading easier and more effective Smooth features. For example, take some kinks out of a river or a road. Becks London Underground map Figure 6. Bariatric Surgery Weight Loss Pattern Smoothie To Lose 10 Pounds In 2 Weeks Bariatric Surgery Weight Loss Pattern How To Get Rid Of The Last Layer Of Belly Fat. Here is the free eBook Click to Download the Ebook Hydraulic Ram Pump v1. This Free how to eBook will guide you through the steps needed to make the pump.